Decarbonising Global Shipping: Is The IMO Net-Zero Framework Enough?

After more than a decade of talks, the IMO has agreed on the world’s first legally binding Net-Zero Framework for shipping which introduces a global fuel standard and a pricing mechanism for greenhouse gas emissions. The framework marks progress but it still falls short in ambition for many small island states and environmental groups, warning that the measures may not be enough to meet global climate goals. Despite criticism, the agreement marks a meaningful step towards a cleaner maritime future and can be considered a rare example of multilateral climate cooperation.

UNOC 2025: Where Does International Cooperation For Oceans Stand?

The 2025 UN Ocean Conference is critical for international ocean cooperation, bringing together global stakeholders to address the ocean polycrisis through the theme: "Accelerating action and mobilizing all actors to conserve and sustainably use the ocean." Building upon previous conferences in 2017 and 2022, UNOC 2025 occurs at a pivotal moment following the adoption of landmark agreements like the High Seas Treaty and the Kunming-Montreal biodiversity framework, while confronting urgent challenges including pollution, overfishing and marine biodiversity degradation. The conference aims to produce the "Nice Ocean Action Plan" and a political declaration; these could establish foundations for post-2030 ocean governance, serving as a crucial test of multilateral cooperation in addressing unprecedented threats to our blue planet with only five years remaining to achieve SDG 14.

Coral Bleaching: How To Respond To The Ongoing Emergency?

Coral reefs are facing the worst global bleaching event on record, with over 80% of reef areas affected between 2023 and 2025, threatening biodiversity and the livelihoods of over a billion people. The main causes of coral bleaching include rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification, and local stressors like overfishing and pollution, leading to the loss of half of the world’s corals since 1950. A coordinated global response is essential, involving emissions reduction, local conservation, scientific restoration, effective monitoring, policy reform, and legal action to protect and restore reef ecosystems.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): What Is Its Role In Climate Change

ENSO is a pattern of climate variability that observes sea surface temperature and atmospheric consisting of El Niño (warm) and La Niña (cold) phasesENSO is observed over the tropical Pacific Ocean but affects the weather across the entire globeClimate change is likely to increase ENSO which could cause more extreme weather events